A.转折、让步 : 这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有:but , still , yet , however, though , although, no matter, in spite of ,anyway, even if , 等。
B.因果关系:表原因的连词或词组有: because (of ), due to , owing to , thanks to , since, for , as , 等。表结果的词或词组有: so , therefore, then , as a result, in consequence, consequently, thus, 等。
C.表示递进、补充关系: 这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有: moreover, likewise, besides, in addition , also , too, not only … but also ,
apart from , what?s more 等。
D.表示对比、比较关系:对比表示观点或事物间的差异性,比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。表示对比的词或词组有:in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, conversely, unlike, oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有:like, in comparison , compare… with , as , just as 等。
作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词,为使读者理解,作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语,或使用定语从句加以阐明,或用冒号、破折号、括号给出,或用语篇标志词引出,这类语篇标志词有:that is (to say) ; e .g.;or,in other words;to put
it in another way 等。
例如:She is bilingual.In other words,she speaks English and French equally well. (bilingual:会说两种语言的)。 3)近义复述 同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用,可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。例如:
It is difficult to list all of my father?s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities,(attribute:特质;才能)
4)对比和并列表述
利用上下文中的对比或并列表达猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词,运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以提示。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系,特别是一些语篇标志词,如:however;on the other hand;nevertheless等,我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如:
If you agree,write “yes”;if you dissent,write “no”。 (dissent:不同意)
So far, Irving ______(live) in New York City for ten years. has lived
Many a writer of newspaper articles_______(trun) to writing novels during the past decade. has turned
Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible . have deteriorated
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.had happened
In the past two decades, research _____(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams . has expanded
2)动词的语态:主要掌握各个时态的被动式。
The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, Russia, and the United States. are involved
There __________(estimate) to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Brtain in 1995. were estimated
3)动词的语气:
A.掌握非真实条件句中,谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。
If you had come earlier, you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play.
would not have missed
If it hadn?t been for your help, we _____(be) in real trouble.
would have been
B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,谓语动词常用虚拟语气,由“动词原形”或“should + 动词原形”构成。 should 常常省略
I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. (should) think
It was imperative that students ______(finish) their papers before July 1st.
(should) finish
C.动词wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虚拟语气。
I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year.
bought ( 表示从句中动作尚未发生)
She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. were
The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before.had met
If only we ______(have) a phone! I?m tired of waiting outside the public phone box.
D.in case , for fear that , lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) + 原形。He took his umbrella with him lest it _______ (rain.)
(should) rain
E.在It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词一般用过去时动词。
It?s high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. took F.时间错综条件句,动词的形式要根据表示的时间调整。 如果我们早动身,现在就不会在雨中走了。 If we had set out earlier,we wouldn?t be walking in the rain.